A Review on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and its Application in Dentistry.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which has benefits over traditional radiography in this age of cutting-edge technology, has become increasingly popular in oral radiology. The utilization of CBCT is experiencing significant growth in several dental specialties, mainly for diagnostic purposes and treatment planning. Image acquisition and 3D imaging have helped the clinical use of cone-beam technology. The equipment has a user-friendly interface, minimum image distortion, and images compatible with many planning and simulation software applications. The present literature review aims to discuss CBCT and its various applications in dentistry.

In-Silico Aided Screening and Characterization Results in Stability Enhanced Novel Roxadustat Co-Crystal.

Roxadustat (RXD) is an approved drug substances for the treatment of renal anemia. It has poor aqueous solubility and photochemical stability. This study employs a comprehensive approach to enhance the stability and physicochemical properties RXD through coformer selection and characterization. The investigation integrates delta pKa analysis, molecular complementary assessment, molecular electrostatic potential surface analysis, and machine learning techniques to predict potential co-crystal formation and binding interactions between drug molecules and coformers. The co-crystal screening which lead to in a novel RXD-nicotinamide co-crystal (RXD-NA). Experimental characterization underscores the physical and chemical stability of the co-crystals. To elucidate the supramolecular synthons and understand the intermolecular interactions in the RXD-NA co-crystal, Hirshfeld surfaces analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis were performed. Computational analysis of photo-isomer formation aligns with experimental observations, further enhancing our understanding of RXD-coformer interactions. RXD-NA co-crystal was found photo-chemically stable as compared to free base API drug substance. This integrated methodology provides a systematic framework for informed co-crystal design, holding promise for optimizing RXD formulations based on molecular interactions and stability considerations. Consequently, this study contributes valuable insights to the field of rational drug design and formulation optimization.

Defining anthropometric thresholds (mid-arm circumference and calf circumference) in older adults residing in the community: a cross-sectional analysis using data from the population representative Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI DAD).

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with malnutrition (undernutrition and overnutrition) and determine appropriate cut-off values for mid-arm circumference (MAC) and calf circumference (CC) among community-dwelling Indian older adults. DESIGN: Data from the first wave of harmonised diagnostic assessment of dementia for Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI-DAD) were used. Various sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, geriatric syndromes, childhood financial and health status were included. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index (BMI), MAC and CC. SETTING: Nationally representative cohort study including 36 Indian states and union territories. PARTICIPANTS: 4096 older adults aged >60 years from LASI DAD. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variable was BMI, categorised as low (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m2) and high (>23 kg/m2). The cut-off values of MAC and CC were derived using ROC curve with BMI as the gold standard. RESULTS: 902 (weighted percentage 20.55%) had low BMI, 1742 (44.25%) had high BMI. Undernutrition was associated with age, wealth-quintile and impaired cognition, while overnutrition was associated with higher education, urban living and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and chronic heart disease. For CC, the optimal lower and upper cut-offs for males were 28.1 cm and >31.5 cm, respectively, while for females, the corresponding values were 26 cm and >29 cm. Similarly, the optimal lower and upper cut-offs for MAC in males were 23.9 cm and >26.9 cm, and for females, they were 22.5 cm and >25 cm. CONCLUSION: Our study identifies a high BMI prevalence, especially among females, individuals with higher education, urban residents and those with comorbidities. We establish gender-specific MAC and CC cut-off values with significant implications for healthcare, policy and research. Tailored interventions can address undernutrition and overnutrition in older adults, enhancing standardised nutritional assessment and well-being.

Association Between Cognitive Performance and Nutritional Status: Analysis From LASI-DAD.

Malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries causes cognitive decline and other health problems. Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI DAD) is an extensive study on late-life cognition and dementia. This study examines the link between nutrition and cognitive abilities in older adults using data from the LASI DAD. We conducted descriptive statistics on nutritional parameters (body-mass index, waist-hip ratio, and Mini-Nutritional Assessment), cognitive functions, and socio-demographic variables in 2,892 adults aged ≥60 years. Cognitive domains assessed included delayed recall, orientation, language, executive function, abstract reasoning, and attention. Cognitive impairment was defined as impaired performance in two or more domains. Mean age was 69.3 ± 7.1 years, 52.9% were female, and 57.5% were illiterate. Low body-mass index (adjusted OR: 1.88, p < .001), at risk of malnutrition (adjusted OR: 1.89, p < .001) and malnourished (adjusted OR: 2.86, p < .001) on Mini-Nutritional Assessment were associated with the presence of cognitive impairment. Better cognitive performance was associated with increased body mass index (adjusted OR: 0.74, p-.03), hemoglobin (adjusted OR: 0.91, p-.006), and serum albumin (adjusted OR: 0.38, p < .001). This study shows that nutritional status assessed by anthropometric measures and blood markers is strongly linked to cognitive performance in older adults.

Surgical stabilisation in equivocal pelvic ring injuries - Into the grey zone.

Pelvic ring injuries comprise a spectrum of bony, ligamentous and muscular injuries, described by several common classification systems. However, the majority of injuries lie in areas of intermediate severity, where complexity and variable nature make it extremely hard to define in detail. This fact and associated injuries make it extremely difficult to conduct randomised control trials, with purpose to direct treatment guidelines. Thus, special interest and expertise are required by pelvic trauma surgeons, while surgical indications and fixation methods rely on their experience, at least in part. Namely, a significant grey zone of indication exists. As fixation methods evolve, specifically percutaneous fixation using osseous fixation pathways, some injuries in which morbidity bound with surgical fixation was considered too high relative to its benefits, may be considered eligible for surgical treatment nowadays. Moreover, due to significant progress in the treatment of the acute polytrauma casualties, the survival rate increased over the years, emphasizing the effect of long-term morbidity and functional outcome of pelvic ring injuries. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the equivocal areas of controversies, hence "the grey zone", and to provide the readership with up-to-date published data. We aimed to collect and detail clinical and radiological clues in the diagnosis of intermediate unstable anterior-posterior compression and lateral compression injuries, and for the selection of treatment methods and sequence. Recent publications have provided some insights into specific injury features that are correlated with increased chance of instability, pain and delay in ambulation. Specific focus is given to the utility of examination under anaesthesia in selected cases. Other publications surveyed the shared experience of pelvic trauma surgeons as for the classification, indication and treatment sequence of pelvic ring injuries. Although the data hasn't matured yet to a comprehensive treatment algorithm, it may serve clinicians well when making treatment decisions in the grey zone of pelvic ring injuries, and serve as a basis for future prospective studies.

Oval Root Canals Prepared With Two Different Endodontic Rotary Files: An In Vitro Study Comparing the Incidence of Dental Defects.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate and compare the establishment of dentinal cracks during root canal preparation using a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty removed human mandibular premolars were separated into three groups of 20: two experimental and one control. Within the randomized controlled experimental groups, root canals were constructed. Group I: the Waldent walflex file and Group II: the Trunatomy (TRN) file. Group III: the control group received no preparations. The surfaces of the roots were checked for dentinal cracks using a stereomicroscope and SEM following sectioning at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex. The Chi-square test was used to examine the data. RESULTS: ​​​​​​ In the control group, no fissures appeared. Cracks in Waldent Walflex were almost 66.7% between the 3mm and 6mm range. At both the 6 mm and 9 mm levels, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental groups (P > 0.05). Defects were found to be substantially higher in the apical region of samples than in the median and coronal sections. CONCLUSION: Dentinal fissures were created by every rotary file used in the tests. There were more flaws in the Waldent Walflex file group than in the Trunatomy file group.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Recent Caries Removal Techniques: An In Vitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: Dentistry is undergoing a gentle revolution that will consign drill and fill to history. In order to increase the acceptance of dental treatment, efforts are directed toward changing traditional painful dentistry into a new concept of painless dentistry. It is common practice to utilize burs for caries removal and cavity preparation. Chemomechanical caries removal is a painless procedure that uses a chemical substance to eradicate diseased dentine. With the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) laser systems for caries removal and cavity preparation, the discipline of laser operational dentistry was born out of a desire to find a way to remove the decay without causing any pain or stress to the surrounding healthy tissue. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: This in vitro research aimed to assess the relative advantages of chemomechanical and laser caries extraction techniques in comparison to the more traditional bur technique. The efficacy of each method was evaluated by microscopic examination of samples treated with each experimental method. We also evaluated the efficiency of each method by recording the time required for caries excavation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The methods used for caries excavation were bur excavation, chemo-mechanical method, and laser method. Histological slices were produced after all the samples had been treated with the experimental techniques, and they were studied using a binocular light transmission microscope. The samples were then scored as '0' for absence and '1' for the presence of demineralized dentine. These scores and the time recorded for each method were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: This study found no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the different approaches to removing caries; however, bur excavation was the quickest and chemo-mechanical was the slowest, with the latter not being useful in cases with low caries activity. The laser method of caries removal doesn't remove caries existing in the undercut areas of the cavity thus making the use of bur mandatory. CONCLUSION: With more practice and experience, the chemo-mechanical and laser methods can be used in a more efficient way to render painless operative procedures to patients.

Transaminase-mediated chiral selective synthesis of (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine from 1-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one: process minutiae, optimization, characterization and 'What If studies'.

Transaminases capable of carrying out chiral selective transamination of 1-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one to (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine were screened, and ATA-025 was the best enzyme, while dimethylsulfoxide (10% V/V) was the best co-solvent for said bioconversion. The variables such as enzyme loading, substrate loading, temperature, and pH for development of process displaying maximum conversion with good product formation and higher yield were optimized. The ambient processing conditions were 10% enzyme loading/50 g/L substrate loading/45 °C/pH 8.0, and 5% enzyme loading/36.78 g/L substrate loading/42.66 °C/pH 8.2 displaying maximum conversion 99.01 ± 2.47% and 96.115 ± 1.97%, and 76.93 ± 1.05% and 73.12 ± 1.04% yield with one factor at a time approach and numerical optimization with Box Behnken Design, respectively. In the final optimized reaction, ATA-025 showed the highest 99.22 ± 2.61% conversion, 49.55 g/L product formation, with an actual product recovery of 38.16 g corresponding to a product yield 77.03 ± 1.01% with respect to the product formed after reaction. The purity of recovered product (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine formed was ≥ 99% (RP-HPLC), and chiral purity ≥ 98.5% (Chiral-GC), and it was also confirmed and characterized with instrumental methods using boiling point, LC-MS, ATR-FTIR, and 1H NMR. The findings of 'What If' studies performed by investigating timely progress of reaction on gram scale by drastically changing the process parameters revealed a substantial modification in process variables to achieve desired results. (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine synthesized by green, facile and novel enzymatic approach with an optimized process could be used for synthesis of different active pharma entities.

Metal-Organic Precursor Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Multiferroic Properties of GdFeO3 Nanoparticles.

GdFeO3 nanoparticles were fabricated by a facile metal-organic precursor method using citric acid as a complexing agent. The phase purity and structural analysis by powder X-ray diffraction and FTIR studies indicates that the material is highly crystalline with an orthorhombic structure. Electron microscopic (TEM and SEM) studies of rare earth ferrites reveal worm-shaped nanoparticles with an average grain size of 95 nm. The high-resolution TEM study provides an insightful image, which shows an interplanar spacing of approximately 0.12 nm that corresponds to the (112) crystalline plane. A high surface area of 231.5 m2 g-1 has been achieved with a mesoporous texture, which in turn gives a high dielectric constant. Well-defined hysteresis is obtained with a saturation magnetization of 17.5 emu g-1, remanent magnetization of 3.9 emu g-1, and coercive field of -446 Oe. Room-temperature ferroelectricity in GdFeO3 nanoparticles has been found for the first time with no leaky current and hence may be used in multistate memory devices.

The Study of Prevalence and Distribution of Shape Anomalies of Teeth in Indian Population on the Basis of Age and Gender.

INTRODUCTION: Dental anomaly of shape leads to various clinical dental pathologies requiring the intervention of a dental specialist. Early diagnosis and intervention in earlier stages can restore a near-normal dentition and esthetics. So, the present study was undertaken to determine the prevailing dental anomalies of shape and its various subtypes in various age groups and gender variations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective dental casts and radiographs were evaluated in 3,000 cases consisting of an equal proportion of males and females. Only cases with an age range from 10 to 40 years were included in the study. Dental anomalies of shape were evaluated for the presence of Gemination, fusion, talon cusp, dens evaginates, the cusp of carabelli, dens invaginatus, taurodontism, and dilacerations and recorded. RESULT: A total of 538 (17.9%) cases were found to have dental anomalies of shape which included 288 (19.2%) males and 250 (16.6%) females. Dilaceration was found to be the most common (9.2%) dental anomaly of shape followed successively by taurodontism (3.7%), talon cusp (2.23%), and the cusp of carabelli (1.4%). Most of the shape anomalies showed male predilection. A higher prevalence of most dental anomalies of shape was found in the younger age group of 10 to ≤25 years as it is not linked with age but still has got importance to know while the treatment is carried out in this age group. CONCLUSION: It is quite imperative to have complete knowledge of trends and patterns of shape anomalies in India. It will guide dental practitioners to formulate a treatment plan on the basis of existing prevailing anomalies.

Substituent Orchestration in Dimethylquinoxaline Derivatives: A Tool for Fishing Out Appropriate CDK5 Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's.

A set of new heterocyclic analogs (Compounds I-IX), comprising of 6,7 dimethyl Quinoxalines were found to be active against the receptor GSK3ß (Compounds IV-V) (Chem. Biodiversity 2021, 18, e2100364). In an effort to modulate effective CDK5 inhibitors herein our hypothesis underpinned to fish out an appropriate derivative from the same quinoxaline series, as these two targets GSK3ß and CDK5 shared structural resemblance with each other. Aligned to the goal we have synthesized Compounds I-IX, characterized them using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and evaluated their activities against CDK5. Our analysis reflected that the adjacently located alkoxy/hydroxy functionality derivatives namely Compounds III and VI, to be the most potent (micromolar) amongst others in the series, backed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and molecular modelling studies. Also, the efficacy of the Compounds I-IX, were monitored in few other members of the CMGC family namely DYRK1A, CLK1and CK1δ that have been known to be directly involved in hyperphosphorylation of Tau. But unfortunately in none of the targets, our quinoxaline series were active. In a nut shell further optimisation of these intelligent nucleus, would not only lead to the discovery of novel pharmacophores, but also marked selectivity against a pool of kinases, thereby implementing a distinct roadmap towards the design of potential therapeutics against Alzheimer's.

Preparation, characterization and stability of cross linked nitrilase aggregates (nitrilase-CLEAs) for hydroxylation of 2-chloroisonicotinonitrile to 2-chloroisonicotinic acid.

Nitrilases capable of performing hydroxylation of 2-chloroisonicotinonitrile to 2-chloroisonicotinic acid were screened, and ES-NIT-102 was the best nitrilase for said biotransformation. Nitrilase was immobilized as cross linked enzyme aggregates (nitrilase-CLEAs) by fractional precipitation with iso-propanol, and cross linked with glutaraldehyde. The nitrilase-CLEAs prepared with optimized 35 mM glutaraldehyde for 120 min cross linking time had 82.36 ± 4.45% residual activity, and displayed type-II structural CLEAs formation as confirmed by particle size, SEM, FTIR, and SDS-PAGE analysis. Nitrilase-CLEAs had superior pH and temperature stability, showed a shift in optimal temperature by 5 °C, and retained nearly 1.5 to 1.7 folds activity over free nitrilase at 50 °C and 55 °C after more than 9 h incubation. Nitrilase-CLEAs showed reduced affinity and decreased conversion of substrate as indicated by slightly higher Km values by 5.19% and reduced Vmax by 17%. Furthermore, these nitrilase-CLEAs showed 98% conversion, 94.72 g/L product formation, and 83.30% recovery after 24 h when used for hydroxylation of 2-chloroisonicotinonitrile to 2-chloroisonicotinic acid. Nitrilase-CLEAs were catalytically active for 3 cycles showcasing 81% conversion, 75.53 g/L product formation and 66.42% yield. The recovered product was confirmed by HPLC, FTIR, LC-MS, and 1H NMR, and displayed > 99% purity.

Rapid chiral separation of potential antibiotics using supercritical fluid chromatography.

WHO is searching most active antibiotics due to the bacterial resistance problem. The activities of the racemic antibiotics may be augment by preparing optically active antibiotics by the chiral separation. Chiral separation of potential antibiotics such as cefotaxime and ofloxacin was studied using amylose-based packing chiral stationary phases (CSPs) such as Chiralpak IA and Chiralpak IG. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was employed to carry out this study. Both immobilized CSPs such as Chiralpak IA and IG have sown remarkable selectivity for the reported drugs by using SFC. The values of retention factor (k) for ofloxacin enantiomers were 9.63 and 11.81, followed by 2.94 and 5.96 for cefotaxime enantiomers. The values of separation factor (α) for both the reported drugs were 1.22 and 2.03, respectively Similarly, the values of resolution factor (Rs) for both the enantio-selective drugs were 1.49 and 2.06, separately and respectively. The chiral recognition mechanism was developed and it was observed that the π-π interactions are playing a major role. The developed method is effective, reproducible, eco-friendly, and may be used to discriminate the enantiomers of the reported drugs in any sample.

APuML: An Efficient Approach to Detect Mobile Phishing Webpages using Machine Learning.

Nowadays, the growth of mobile phones users has gained a significant increase because of the features offered by them in abundant amounts. These devices are being used rapidly for accessing the web and many online services. However, the security mechanisms that are available in smartphones are not yet mature. Therefore, smartphones are vulnerable to various types of attacks, such as phishing. The browsers on smartphones are very trivial and the smartphones security abilities have been lessened, to match the smartphone's capabilities. Therefore, detection of the malicious website is different from the previously known technique, which is used on the desktop. Many anti-phishing techniques for mobile devices have been developed but still, there is a lack of a full-fledged solution. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient approach to detect malicious mobile webpages. The proposed approach APuML (Anti Phishing using Machine Learning) extracts all the static and site popularity features from the given URL to create a feature vector. An appropriate machine learning classification algorithm is then applied on the feature set to obtain the result and update the database accordingly. In our approach, the Random Forest classifier outperforms over other classifiers and achieved detection accuracy of 93.85%. We have also created an endpoint application for the users to interact with our system using his/her mobile devices. Moreover, the proposed approach can identify drive-by downloads attack, zero-day attack and clickjacking attack with high accuracy.

Thromboembolic events in pelvic and acetabulum fractures: a systematic review of the current literature on incidence, screening, and thromboprophylaxis.

PURPOSE: Rates of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) as high as 41% deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were reported in association with pelvic and acetabular fractures (PAFs). There is no clear consensus on VTE prophylaxis for PAFs. Extracting evidence-based guidelines is key to overcome this challenging complication. The aims of this review are (A) to highlight the incidence of VTEs in PAFs, (B) to examine the screening and prophylaxis methods available in the current literature, and (C) direct future creation of a best practice protocol to reduce the risk of VTE in PAFs. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of Medline, EMBASE databases, and the Cochrane library. MESH terms were used to identify studies pertinent to VTE in PAFs, including incidence, prophylaxis, and screening. RESULTS: In total, 28 studies were identified and grouped into four categories including incidence, screening, prophylaxis, and the use of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs). Incidence of VTE ranged from 0.21 to 41% for DVT and 0 to 21.7% for PE. Nine studies screened 1360 patients using different imaging modalities. Ten articles, 2836 patients, examined different thromboprophylaxis protocols. Two out of three studies investigating the use of IVCF showed significant reduction of the rates of PE. CONCLUSION: Incidence of VTE in PAF varies significantly with different protocols. The current literature shows that screening is still controversial. The combination of chemical and mechanical prophylaxis starting at 24 hours from the injury would provide the best protection. Guidelines were extracted; however, higher level multicenter studies are still required to guide future protocols.

Chiral separation of ß-blockers by supercritical fluid chromatography using Chiralpak-IG and Chiralpak IBN-5 columns.

Chiral separation of ß-blockers is performed by utilizing the supercritical fluid chromatographic method. The chiral columns utilized were Chiralpak IG and Chiralpak IBN-5. The finest mobile phase was CO2 -0.2% TEA in methanol (60:40). The values atenolol enantiomers retention factors were 6.39 and 8.98. These values for propranolol enantiomers were 3.39 and 4.06. These values for betaxolol enantiomers were 4.08 and 4.68. The separation and resolution factor values for atenolol, propranolol, and betaxolol were 1.41 and 3.33, 1.19 and 2.23, and 1.15 and 1.87, separately and respectively. By comparison, it was observed that Chiralpak IG column is better than Chiralpak IBN-5 column. Supercritical fluid chromatography has been found as the best analytical technique due to its high speed, being eco-friendly, and being economic. The various most probable interactions responsible for the chiral resolution are hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, steric effect, and π-π interactions. The reported methods are effective, efficient, and reproducible and may be used to separate and identify atenolol, propranolol, and betaxolol in any unknown samples.

Chiral separation of calcium channel antagonists by SFC and HPLC using different immobilized chiral stationary phases.

Supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques are popular for the chiral separations of different drugs and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this article describes a comparative study of the chiral separation of some calcium channel antagonists such as verapamil, gallopamil, and nisoldipine. The columns used were Chiralpak IG and Chiralpak ID (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm). The separation was achieved by using a variety of mobile phases in both techniques. The retention, separation, and resolution factors in SFC were in the range of 1.36-7.30, 1.09-1.72, and 1.16-3.47, while these values in the case of HPLC were 1.03-2.42, 1.12-1.35, and 0.49-2.46. The complete resolution of gallopamil and verapamil was achieved successfully. The chiral recognition was controlled by hydrogen bondings, π-π interactions, dipole induced dipole interactions, van der Waal forces, and steric effects. SFC was found to be a better technique than HPLC because of quick separation, good separation power, economic, environment-friendly, and green technology.

A comparative study of chiral separation of proton pump inhibitors by supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.

A comparative study of chiral separation of pantoprazole and rabeprazole is carried out using supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The columns used were Chiralpak IA and Chiralpak IE. The best mobile phase in supercritical fluid chromatography was carbon dioxide-0.2% triethylamine in methanol (60:40) and 0.1% triethylamine in n-hexane-ethanol (50:50) in high-performance liquid chromatography. For supercritical fluid chromatography, values of the retention factor of pantoprazole enantiomers were 3.97 and 4.88. These values for rabeprazole enantiomers were 6.10 and 7.52. The values of separation and resolution factor for pantoprazole and rabeprazole were 1.23 and 1.23 and 2.20 and 3.36, respectively. Similarly, for high-performance liquid chromatography, the values of retention factor for enantiomers of pantoprazole were 4.02 and 7.32. These values for rabeprazole enantiomers were 5.32 and 7.88, respectively. The values of separation and resolution factor for pantoprazole and rabeprazole were 1.82 and 1.48 and 9.22 and 6.58, respectively. A comparison was carried out, which confirmed supercritical fluid chromatography as the best method due to its fastness, eco-friendly, and inexpensiveness. The reported methods are effective, efficient, and reproducible and may be used to separate and identify pantoprazole and rabeprazole in any unknown samples.

Prevalence of Developmental Dental Anomalies of Number and Size in Indian Population According to Age and Gender.

INTRODUCTION: Dental anomalies arise due to genetic and environmental factors in the morphodifferentiation stage of odontogenesis lead to alteration in the number and size of the tooth as well as the root.1-3 The knowledge of their prevalence and the extent of involvement can provide valuable information for phylogenic and genetic studies and also help in the understanding of differences among the population and between various population groups.4 We aim to identify the prevalence and distribution of such anomalies according to age and gender. The acquired details of cases will further help the dental clinicians to understand their etiology which can further facilitate their diagnosis and effective management. Also, timely intervention can be achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 4,000 subjects (equal proportion of males and female) of age range from 10 to 40 years were studied. Their radiographs, dental casts, and clinical findings were evaluated for number and size developmental dental anomaly. RESULTS: Incidence of overall 331 cases (8.27%) of number and size developmental dental anomalies were recorded with 173 (8.6%) males and 158 (7.9%) females. Hypodontia was the most frequently found dental anomaly in both males (4.9%) and females (4.4%) followed by hyperdontia and supernumerary roots. Microdontia was the most frequently found size anomaly in both males (1.6%) and females (1.9%). CONCLUSION: Hypodontia (4.7%) is the most frequently found numeral anomaly in both males and females. Intergroup study shows a significant statistical difference in cases of hypodontia in the 10-25 years of age-group (6.2%) with a p value ≤ 0.00001. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Jain A, Saxena A, Jain S, et al. Prevalence of Developmental Dental Anomalies of Number and Size in Indian Population According to Age and Gender. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):531-536.